Basic character string functions provided by R:

nchar
string length
paste
concatenate strings
substr
substring
toupper
convert entire string to uppercase
tolower
convert entire string to lowercase
chartr
character map replacement (like "tr")
strtrim
trunates string
nchar, substr, toupper, tolower will accept string vectors as arguments and return vector results.
strtrim accepts both a vector of strings and a vector of truncation positions.

Functions which work with regular expression patterns

strsplit
split string into substrings at occurances of regexp
grep
search for a regular expression within a string
sub
search and then replace an occurance of a regular expression in a strng
gsub
global search and replace all occurances of a regular expression in a string